INVESTIGATION OF BLACK HOLE ATTACKS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

As sensor technologies advance, various types of sensors are widely deployed to form networks such as MANETs, WBANs, and VANETs—categories of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). These sensors collect and transmit data to head nodes or base stations, often facing numerous security threats, both active and passive. This paper focuses on performance-oriented, layer- oriented, and goal-oriented attacks, analyzing their impact and exploring corresponding countermeasures. Special attention is given to the investigation, detection, and prevention of black hole attacks in WSNs.